Bibliographic References and Clinical Sources
The use of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) as the main ingredient of Maca Moltitudo is based on a long-standing ethnobotanical tradition and on a growing number of experimental and clinical studies that have evaluated its effects on physical and mental vitality, male and female sexual function, fertility, well-being during menopause, and adaptation to stress.
The biological effects appear to derive from the synergistic action of macamides, macaenes, glucosinolates, plant sterols, and ecdysteroids, including β-ecdysone, a standardization marker of the extract used.
Male fertility and semen quality
The most consolidated clinical evidence concerns the improvement of male fertility.
Randomized clinical studies have observed increases in sperm count and motility after Maca supplementation, without clinically significant changes in testosterone, LH, FSH, or prolactin levels, suggesting a functional action independent of endocrine stimulation.
Main clinical studies
• Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, et al. Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on semen parameters in healthy adult men. Andrologia. 2001;33(6):367-372.
• Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, et al. Lepidium meyenii improves semen quality in healthy men. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2002;4:301-303.
• Melnikovova I, Havlik J, Fiserova A, et al. Effects of Maca on semen quality: systematic review of human studies. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015.
The available reviews indicate an improvement in semen quality, while highlighting the need for further large-scale multicenter studies.
Sexual function and desire
Maca is one of the most studied plants in the field of reducing libido and mild sexual dysfunction. Several randomized studies have shown an improvement in sexual desire in both men and women, without significant changes in sex hormones.
Main clinical studies
• Stone M, Ibarra A, Roller M, et al. A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009;126:574-576.
• Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al. Maca root for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015.
• Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, et al. Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for improving sexual function: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2010.
The meta-analysis concludes that Maca can contribute to the improvement of sexual desire in individuals with reduced libido, while recommending further clinical confirmation.
Menopause and female well-being
Maca has also been studied in menopausal women for its possible contribution to psycho-physical well-being, quality of life, vitality, and sexual function.
Main clinical studies
• Brooks NA, Wilcox G, Walker KZ, et al. Beneficial effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on psychological symptoms and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008;15(6):1157-1162.
• Meissner HO, Kapczynski W, Mscisz A, et al. Use of pre-gelatinized Maca in early postmenopausal women. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 2006.
The studies report improvements in psychological symptoms, vitality, and sexual function without significant changes in the main sex hormones.
Energy, physical endurance, and adaptation to stress
Traditionally considered an adaptogenic plant, Maca has also been evaluated in the context of physical performance and perception of fatigue.
Main studies
• Ruiz-Luna AC, Salazar S, Aspajo NJ, et al. Lepidium meyenii (Maca): a review of its biological properties. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013.
• Stone M et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009.
The evidence suggests a possible improvement in the perception of energy, endurance, and physical recovery, probably related to the plant's adaptogenic action.
β-Ecdysone and body composition
The extract used is standardized in β-ecdysone, a plant ecdysteroid studied in recent years for its possible role in muscle metabolism and protein synthesis.
The most relevant clinical study is:
• Isenmann E, Ambrosio G, Joseph JF, et al. Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agents: performance study in resistance-trained subjects. Archives of Toxicology. 2019;93:1807-1816.
The study observed increases in lean mass with doses significantly higher than those present in the Moltitudo product. The amount provided by Maca Moltitudo (9 mg of β-ecdysone per daily dose) is therefore intended exclusively for the qualitative standardization of the botanical extract and is not comparable to the dosages used in ergogenic studies.
Safety of Maca
The safety of Maca has been confirmed by numerous toxicological and clinical evaluations.
Main references
• Srikugan L, et al. Safety assessment of Lepidium meyenii preparations. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2011.
• Gonzales GF. Ethnobiology and ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012.
At the doses commonly used in food supplements, no clinically relevant adverse effects have emerged; the described events are generally mild and transient, predominantly gastrointestinal in nature.
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
The main literature reviews confirm a favorable scientific rationale, while emphasizing the need for larger clinical studies to consolidate some indications.
• Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, et al. Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2010.
• Lee MS, Shin BC, Yang EJ, et al. Maca for treatment of menopausal symptoms: systematic review. Maturitas. 2011.
• Ruiz-Luna AC, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013.
Documented biological mechanisms
The scientific literature attributes several physiological mechanisms to Maca that can contribute to overall well-being:
• modulation of sexual function without significant changes in hormone levels;
• adaptogenic activity with improvement in the response to physical and mental stress;
• support of male fertility through the improvement of seminal parameters;
• possible support of vitality and physical endurance;
• antioxidant activity related to glucosinolates and phenolic compounds naturally present in the root;
• presence of plant ecdysteroids, including β-ecdysone, used as quality markers of the extract.
Essential bibliography
• Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Vega K, et al. Andrologia. 2001;33:367-372.
• Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, et al. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2002;4:301-303.
• Brooks NA, Wilcox G, Walker KZ, et al. Menopause. 2008;15:1157-1162.
• Stone M, Ibarra A, Roller M, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009;126:574-576.
• Shin BC, Lee MS, Yang EJ, et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2010.
• Lee MS, Shin BC, Yang EJ, et al. Maturitas. 2011.
• Ruiz-Luna AC, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013.
• Dording CM, Schettler PJ, Dalton ED, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015.
• Melnikovova I, Havlik J, Fiserova A, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015.
• Isenmann E, Ambrosio G, Joseph JF, et al. Archives of Toxicology. 2019.
• Srikugan L, et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2011.
• Gonzales GF. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012.